The city centre can become a place for knowledge production and exchange - a concentrated, high-value part of the urban economy where collaboration, specialisation and innovation thrive.

While innovation districts can be powerful tools for fostering innovation, they are not always the right answer. In many cases, a broader sectoral approach - one that strengthens innovation ecosystems across an entire city - delivers greater impact.

Local councils are uniquely positioned to support startup ecosystems through a range of low-cost, high-impact methods.